A short note on Agriculture and Land issues:
Santosh Adhikari, Sujan Dhungel, Diwas Raj Bista
Agriculture in developing and developed world
¨ Developed,
Developing and Least Developed countries
¨ Basis-
HDI, GDP, GNP....
¨ Nepal's
Target to graduate to Developing country by 2022
¨ Three
targets and standards- Per capita GNI, EVI and HAI
¨ GNI-$1242,
EVI<32, HAI>66 (how it is calculated?)
Features
|
||
Resources
|
Capital Intensive
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labor intensive
|
Tools
|
Heavy equipments
|
small and medium tools
|
Technology
|
Advanced and research based- HEIA
|
traditional and experience based- LEISA
|
scale of production
|
huge- commercial
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small- subsistence
|
size of farm
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large and consolidated
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small and fragmented
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Productivity
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Highly productive
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less productive
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Facilities
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Roads, electricity, loan, irrigation, market
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no or less, farmers managed, rain-fed farming
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Number of farmers
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less
|
more
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Contribution to National economy
|
less
|
more
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Productivity
Gap
¨ measure
of efficiency of factor inputs- labor, capital, technology
¨ Gap
between the potential production to actual production per unit area
¨ For
eg: Rice productivity (National average-3.3 mt/ha, Research potential- 5-9,
Best= >10 mt/ha)
Land
Fragmentation
¨ Division
of Land into parcels
¨ Number
of parcels- 12 million; 2.53 m holdings
¨ Number
of parcel per household = 3.2
¨ Average
size of parcels = 0.21 ha (0.24 ha)
¨ average
size of holding= 0.68 ha. (0.8 ha)
¨ area
<0.1 ha=20 thousands; >10 ha=15 thousands
¨ more
than 2 ha=592,690
¨ Tenured
<35 thousands
why Land
Fragmentation?
¨ Family
Structures- joint to nuclear, increasing number of households: 4.25 million HH
in 2001; 5.42 m in 2011
¨ Property
inheritance and assets division
¨ Rapid
and uncontrolled urbanization- plotting and housing
¨ Urban
migration
¨ Policy
- land consolidation, land use, ....
Land
Lords
¨ They
usually have more land
¨ They
do not farm by themselves rather keep bonded labors
¨ Harvest
and controls farm income and shares little to their labors
¨ No
formal institutes or recognition
Sharecroppers
and tenants
¨ A
person who occupies land or property rented from land lords
¨ cultivate
on the farms of land lords or land absentees in mutual agreement
¨ can
be used synonymously
¨ shares
the harvest/income-cash or kind or both
¨ sharecroppers
usually shares harvest
¨ May
receive inputs to cultivate in mutual agreement
¨ Non-formal
Money-lenders
¨ Mostly
land lords and rich people in society
¨ Non-formal
and usual in rural areas
¨ They
provide loan with higher interest rate
¨ Mutual
agreement, many times written
¨ May
keep some bonds, collateral for the loan
Thank you!
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